Iago Manipulates Essay

In the play Othello, written by William Shakespeare, the antagonist Iago manipulates other characters. He makes them act in ways that benefits his plan of destroying Othello by making him believe that his wife, Desdemona, is having an affair with his lieutenant, Michael Cassio. In the beginning of the play, Roderigo who is in love with Othello’s wife, Desdemona, comes to Iago for help. Iago manipulates Roderigo by promising him Desdemona’s attention and love if he â€Å"put money in thy purse,† as Iago says. Roderigo gives money to Iago in the mistaken belief that Iago is using his money to help him get to Desdemona, but Iago is using it to finance his own plan. Roderigo is a desperate character in the play and is easy tricked by Iago, because he doesn’t think he has anything to lose and because he would do anything to get Desdemona. His desperate feelings for Desdemona and Iago’s convincing manner make Roderigo easy to deceive. Iago has also a wife, Emilia. He doesn’t really manipulate her, because she is unaware of what’s going on between Othello and Desdemona during almost the whole play, but he makes her do thinks that benefits his plan. For example, he makes her steal Desdemona’s handkerchief, which ended being the â€Å"icing on the cake† for Othello’s suspiciousness on Desdemona’s and Cassio’s love affair. Everyone likes and trusts Iago, and so do Desdemona. Iago is seen as an honest man, which helps him manipulate people, because they always believe him. Iago manipulates Desdemona by acting on her side and by sympathizing with her. When Othello starts to get very suspicious, he gets very angry at Desdemona, but he refuses to tell her why. Iago convinces her that Othello is angry on a letter he got earlier and not on her. Desdemona believes this lie, which probably stops her from questioning Othello’s behavior. Iago’s plan is to make Othello think that Desdemona and Cassio are having an affair together. His first move to manipulate Cassio is to get him in trouble. He gets Cassio in trouble by making him drunk and by developing a fight for him. When Othello hears what happened, he removes Cassio from his post. Othello asks Iago what Cassio did, but Iago refuses to tell him anything, he says, â€Å"I had rather have this tongue cut from my mouth than it should do offense to Michael Cassio. By doing this statement in front of Othello and Cassio, he earns Cassio’s trust. Iago uses this trust to manipulate Cassio later in the play. He tells Cassio that the best way to get his position back is to talk to Desdemona and get her on his side. Cassio does what Iago told him, and Desdemona is happy to help him because she knows him and she thinks he is a noble friend to Othello. But when Iag o and Othello come near, Cassio leaves because he doesn’t want to face Othello personally. Iago uses this situation to plant his seed of doubt, and tells Othello that Cassio fled when Othello came near. This is what starts Othello’s suspiciousness. Iago is a smart man who knows how to act and what he should say to manipulate the people around him. The character that Iago manipulates the most is Othello. He makes Othello believe that Cassio talks about Desdemona, while he is actually talking about Bianca and his sexual relationship with her. Iago makes up a story that he heard Cassio talking about Desdemona in his sleep. He also tells Othello that he has seen Cassio wipe his brow with Desdemona’s handkerchief. As a result of this, Othello gets livid and really frustrated, and wants to kill both Desdemona and Cassio. This clearly shows how Iago manipulates Othello. Iago is an intelligent character that is strongly talented in improvising and he has a clear feeling for timing. His most important skill is his acting ability. He’s a perfect actor. Although Iago plants his suspicion step by step by lying and by supplying â€Å"evidence† when it is needed, he always pretends to be a moral and loyal friend who everyone can trust. One of his strategies is to let other people make their own conclusions. Iago is smart enough to use other people’s actual weaknesses and to let them draw wrong conclusions themselves. All these strategies and abilities help him manipulate other characters in the play.

Youth Justice in 2011 is tougher on crime than on the causes of crime.

Introduction The aim behind this essay is to ascertain the stance adopted by the UK in terms of how governmental and judiciary authorities deal with the problem of juvenile crime. In order to gain a fuller understanding of this it would be of interest to compare the perspectives of two different political leaders and how they affected the way that juvenile crime was dealt with by authorities. On one particular weekend in August 2011 thousands of rioters took to the street and ransacked high streets in London, Manchester, Croydon and Nottingham. The original cause of the rioting was due to a shooting in Tottenham by police but it seemed to spread over the capital and on to other major cities. Shops were looted and others were burnt down over the course of a week. As a result of this, David Cameron was quick to ascertain what the causes of these riots could be. In a press conference, he suggested that: Social problems that have been festering for decades have exploded in our face†¦.Our security fightback must be matched by a social fightback (Cameron: 2011) Such was the stance eventually taken by the Coalition government as a response to the riots. A similar statement had been famously stated by Tony Blair fourteen years earlier where he specified in his election speech that Labour believed: ‘in personal responsibility and in punishing crime, but also its underlying causes – so toughon crime, tough on the causes of crime’ (Blair: 1997). However, the question remains as to whether these two politically differing views really are so different from each other. The rhetoric seems to be the same. That is, in order to be tough on the crime that it would be necessary to discover the root cause of the crime committed. The question has to be asked as to how far the existing legislation go in achieving that. According to a recent governmental report on the Youth Justice Service, ?800 million was spent on dealing with young people over the previous twelve years. Also, while 10% of that figure was spent on prevention, approximately 90% was spent on actually dealing with the offending behaviour (Soloman and Garside: 2008). Critics had seen this as a symptom of what had been wrong with Labour’s policy regarding the Youth Justice system. Indeed, the same criticism can and has been levelled at the Coalition government judging by their initial reaction to the 2011 London riots. David Cameron famously condemned the riots as being caused by pure criminality and nothing else. It was only after the initial reaction that the Government had stated that a ‘social fightback’ (Cameron: 2011) was needed as much as the ‘security fightback’ was. However, the Government’s initial reaction was soon mirrored by other members of the public and there was seen to be a lack of analytical reaction from anybody apart from a few. According to Ohana and Otten (2011): Except among a few youth experts and political commentators on the so-called ‘left’ there was little mention of or analysis involving the racist shooting that triggered the violence in the first place, or the desperate condition of the neighbourhoods in which many of the young people who rioted live†¦.Most importantly of all, there was next to no mention of the fact that whole generations of young people have simply been abandoned to the elements by an uncaring state, unwilling to see its own responsibility in creating the conditions that have made such events possible (Ohana and Otten: 2011: 244). This view corresponds with other views which also specify that it ought to be no surprise that the media and public reaction to the riots were non-analytical in their scope: Hughes (2011) specifies that: It is of little surprise that the perceptions of the public appear to resemble those presented by the media and politicians. Rather than the official crime figures, it is the stereotyping and emotive headlines that seem to have the greatest influence.’ (Hughes: 2011: 190) On the surface, this may appear to be an obvious statement to make. After all, it could be argued that the public’s reaction to the riots were understandably affected by the media coverage both during and after the riots took place.However, critics were also understandably concerned that the Government had employed a kneejerk reaction but then delayed in deciding exactly what was to be done about it (LSE and The Guardian: 2011: ‘Reading the Riots’) There was a similar response to crime in general by the Labour opposition before they took power in 1997. Blair’s Labour had responded to a resurgence in crime on the streets at the time. According to Raine and Keasey (2009), they had attempted to address the problem of crime on the streets by attempting to get at what they perceived to be the source. Numerous programs were suggested and installed once they got into power, including Surestart centres and the New Deal for the unemployed. Raine and Keasey (2009) suggested, however, that these measures only went so far in addressing the issue (Doolin: 2009: 126-127) of youth crime. It would seem that this also backs up the figures quoted earlier regarding the percentage of money spent on prevention (10%) as opposed to the money spent on catching, trying and detaining criminals (90%). It could be argued that the amount of money spent on each reflects on either the priority given to prevention of crime of respective government s or on an increased criminality in the general populace. Again, this is a stance that is maintained by Sanders (2011) who suggested that because New Labour were essentially ‘governing through ASB (anti-social behaviour)’ that there was: An ever-increasing share of a decreasing government budget being spent on criminal justice, prison and police in particular (Silvestri: 2011: 12) This could be argued to show that New Labour at the time were more willing to spend money on surveillance of crime and criminals but they were not always willing to pay for maintenance of prisons, supply of police officers and the infrastructure of the criminal justice system. However, there was much emphasis from the New Labour government on focussing upon the youth which, according to Coles (2012), had only been a focus for different governmental departments pre-1997.Coles (2012) states that the Blair administration was the first to have a Ministry and department (Social Exclusion Unit) specifically for young people to address the NEET problem (Alcock et al: 394) and thereby address the problem of anti-social behaviour. It was for this reason that the Connexions service was set up Furthermore, the same could be said for the Coalition’s policies regarding criminal justice. Austerity measures were talked up as being the reasons behind the cuts before the riots. However, it could be argued that some of the cuts regarding youth justice and its appendages were made too harshly. Those things that matter to individuals such as education and health are being cut back and this in turn has triggered off the mentality that was inherent in the riots. According to Will Hutton, as quoted in Ohana and Otten(2011),: We are arriving at a major turning point in our national life. It is not enough to talk about being tough on crime and the causes of crime. We need an entire root and branch reshaping of our economy and society – where both rewards and punishment are judicious proportional and deserved, and all within a revived and larger understanding of fairness†¦.We need good capitalism and the good society that accompanies it (Ohana and Otten: 2011: 245) It remains to be seen whether this present Coalition government is going to do anything about the ‘root and branch’ causes behind youth crime in general and last year’s riots in particular.The mixed messages given out by the Government seems to indicate that they will be just as tough on the causes of criminality as they will be on criminality itself. Given the track record of the previous government regarding equality of expenditure between the punishment of crime and the prevention of it, this Coalition government may have a job on their hands in balancing the two. Reference List Blair, T (1997), ‘New Labour because Britain deserves better’, The 1997 New Labour Manifesto, Available at http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1997/1997-labour-manifesto.shtml Cameron, D, (2011), ‘PM’s Speech on the fightback after the riots’, Monday 15th August 2011, Available at http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/pms-speech-on-the-fightback-after-the-riots/ Coles, B (2012), ‘Young People’, IN: Alcock, P, May, M, Wright, S, (2012), ‘The Student’s Companion to Social Policy’, 4th Edition, London Hughes,(2011) Ohana, Y and Otten, H, (2012), ‘Where do you stand?: Intercultural Learning and Political Education in Contemporary Europe, Wiesbaden, Springer Fachmedien, Germany Raine, J and Keasey, P (2010), ‘Introduction: The Changing Politics of Law and Order’, IN: Doolin, K et al (ed.) (2010.), ‘Whose Criminal Justice?: State or Community?’, Waterside Press, Hook, Hampshire, England Rusbridger, A, (2011), (ed.), ‘Reading the Riots: Investigating England’s summer of disorder’, The Guardian, The London School of Economics and Political Science, Accessed at http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/interactive/2011/dec/14/reading-the-riots-investigating-england-s-summer-of-disorder-full-report Sanders, A (2011), ‘What was New Labour thinkingNew Labour’s approach to Criminal Justice’, IN: Silvestri, A (ed.), (2011), ‘Lessons for the Coalition: an end of term report on New Labour and criminal justice.’ Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, The Hadley Trust, London Soloman E, and Garside, R, (2008), ‘ Ten Years of Labour’s youth and justice reforms: an Independent audit, Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, The Hadley Trust, London Available at http://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/opus647/youthjusticeaudit.pdf

Marketing of Packaged Drinking Water

Water is the fountain of all life. Even a toddler knows that it is a commodity with utmost Importance. Nearly 60% of our body weight comprises of water. Water can also be the cause to a great deal of misery specially in India where contaminated water continues to bring down millions with diseases like diarrhea, dysentery, haploid, jaundice and Castro-enteritis.Getting pure drinking water in cities and towns has now become a luxury. At most homes people are forced to either boil water to make it appropriate for drinking or they have to install water purifiers. While traveling or eating at restaurants buying packaged drinking water has become a necessity. This need has seen an explosion of companies marketing â€Å"safe drinking water in bottles across the country. India Is the tenth largest bottled water consumer In the world. The present scenario how's that it is one of the fastest growing industrial sectors.There are nearly 200 brands, of which are local. Most of the small scale pr oducers sell non-branded products and serve small markets. Despite the large number of small sellers, the Industry is dominated by big players like Boilers, Aquifer, Ms Dowels, Pearl Valley and soon. There are two working units of the factory. One at Disarm and the other is at Karl. The unit at Dahlias Is the larger of the two units. It has a huge processing and manufacturing plant. The one at Karl also does the same work of manufacturing and recessing but Is relatively smaller.For the purpose of accounting, both these units are considered as one factory but they both have individual licenses. The factory is one that produces packaged drinking water and according to the Bureau of Indian Standards, such a factory must necessarily have a micro-biologist and a chemist. Both the plants thus have a microbiologist and a chemist who perform timely tests on sample water in order to maintain the quail chemical composition and purity of the water.

Reading strategy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reading strategy - Term Paper Example A learner needs to survey the book or the article before reading it. A learner need to carry a quick over view of the article in an attempt to get the general overview and idea the author intends to communicate (Van Blerkom, 2009). This will help the reader to have some knowledge on all what the article or the book is all about even before embarking on serious reading of the article. Second step applied in this system of reading is the formulation of a question. A learner needs to formulate a key question he or she will be addressing before he engages herself in reading the article or section. For example, a heading like â€Å"sensory adaptation† can be changed to a question like â€Å"what is sensory adaptation†. Formulating questions force a reader to think about what they are reading about (Allen, 2008). It makes a reader to try to predict what the author main point will be. This gives the reader an ample time during the entire reading process as he or she is in a position to easily note down the key point from the article or the book she is reading. The learner after formulating the question, then he or she need to carefully go through the content of the article. This will help him, or her to get the crucial information that will help her in answering the question he or she had formulated in the second stage (Van Blerkom, 2009). As the learner tries to read the article in search of answers to the questions he had formulated before, he or she become actively involved in the text material. After going through the article, the learners need to recite the answer to the question they had formulated at the early stage. The learners need to record the answers using their different words. The learner should not necessarily look at the text they are reading as they recite the answers. If the learner finds it difficult to recall part or all the answers, then they need to glance over the section they were reading again (Allen,

Current Event Article 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Current Event Article 2 - Essay Example The case study method was used for the research study because the data generated can be interpreted in a number of ways. The British company Phipps Brothers was used because of the fact that it was founded by three brothers. As the company expanded, it faced many obstacles to growth in other markets. The business came up with three strategies to help combat these challenges: cost reduction, professionalism, and focus on specific markets. Phipps Brothers enacted these changes and the firm was able to expand to other European countries. Analysis: This article highlights the challenges that small and medium-sized firms have when entering into international business. If there is not a strong supply chain, then it can be difficult to establish a presence in a foreign market. Just as in the case used in this article, sometimes a company’s strategies need to change because something comes up that it did not foresee. What works well in the home market may not always prove successful overseas. Family-run businesses have the additional problem of personally knowing the other partners in the business. One hallmark about family-run businesses is that they are usually founded on a certain principle or belief, and this may need to be adapted when expanding

Should Canadian goverment provide privatization of water Research Paper

Should Canadian goverment provide privatization of water - Research Paper Example This has led to water privatization seeming like a practical alternative, as there will be a reduction of waste, sensible pricing and improved distribution. Despite the scarcity of water, lure of profits and promise of an improved economy, it would be vital to remember that there is no substitute for water. Canadian government privatisation of water for trading as a commodity like oil would be detrimental to the welfare of the humanity. There are humanitarian concerns relating to danger attributable to privatizing water that will result to closing out of the poor to its access. This is because prices attached to accessibility of water would not be affordable to majority of the people, leading to further disregard for social welfare, as spread of diseases will be more widespread. Privatizing water will liken it to commodities such as natural gas, which are not essential utilities or even a fundamental human right, and there is also the fear that water trading would lead to ecological destruction as it is a heritage of the Earth. Recently, opponents of privatization have stated that reversing this would be difficult once things go wrong. It would create a scenario where water services would be further privatized all over the country. As time passes, focus will shift to shareholders and not consumers, otherwise taxpayers if water delivery were a state-governed service. This implies that profits gained would go to a sm all number of people, further deepening inequality. If the service remains a responsibility of the state, any profits reaped go to the public implying lower taxes or increased spending in other beneficial activities (Trew). From a corporate perspective, water exportation would be expensive because of shipping costs since water is heavy and returns from it through local selling would not bring back the investment; therefore, financial viability would not be sensible. Looking at the

Aviation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Aviation - Essay Example This paper will discuss the design of Eurocopter x3, comparing it to conventional designs with reference to aerodynamics. Conventional helicopters have a rotor that is supported above the body/fuselage of the craft. The rotor rotates at high speed to provide the lift required for vertical take off and landing (Watkinson, 2004). In addition, the rotor provides the thrust to make the craft move horizontally and laterally. In addition to the main rotor, the conventional helicopter has a tail rotor to develop thrust in addition to countering the torque produced by the main rotor (Watkinson, 2004). Alternatively helicopters may be fitted with ducted fans or NOTAR systems to perform the same functions. This however, is not the case with Eurocopter’s x3. The Eurocopter x3 Demonstrator is a machine that has been designed as a foundation for the Hybrid Helicopter. What this basically means is that the machine integrates the principles of the helicopter with those of fixed wing crafts with the result being optimized performance. The x3 is based on the design and features of existing models with the main additions being two short wings and the lack of a tail rotor (Vion-Lanctuit, 2010). In addition, each of the two short wings bears a propeller. The x3 has objectively been designed to have the main rotor to provide lift and thrust like other helicopters. The main rotor has five blades which means it has the capacity to provide higher lift and thrust compared to those that have two blades, other factors held constant. The two propellers supported by the short-span fixed wings provide additional thrust thus allowing the machine to achieve speeds that conventional helicopters cannot. Owing to these additional features, the helicopter can reach speeds beyond 230 knots or 267 mph (Whittle, 2012). This speed far exceeds the speed achievable by conventional helicopters which stands at about 140 knots or 160mph at the

Three Types of Major Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Three Types of Major Networks - Essay Example The connectivity is generally made possible using a copper cable or optic fiber cable (OFC). The reach is further extended somewhat when we use the optic fiber. But that results in substantial increase in costs. Therefore in organisations where the purpose of LAN is not commercial and it is merely for information sharing, OFC is not a viable option. LANs are generally used to connect personal computers and sharing resources like printers. Generally LAN can work on speeds ranging from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps, with modern networks even working at somewhat higher speeds. The interconnections could be in Bus, Ring, Star or Tree topologies. Bus and Ring are the generally used ones’. The arbitration mechanism for resolving disputes is called Ethernet or IEEE 802.3. Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN): Such networks are called "metropolitan networks" because they are usually used for areas like metro-cities. It is a bigger version of LAN and normally uses similar technology. The coverage area of LAN could extend upto 10 kms. An organisation having couple of offices within a city can make use of MAN for interconnecting all such offices. MAN are also compatible with local networks. A Metro area network is also interconnected with one or two cables without any switching elements. Normally, this type of network is made a high speed network using optical fibre cable connections. Couple of LANs can be interconnected with the help of a MAN. The main reason for placing MAN into a separate category is that a standard has been adopted for them. This standard is called Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQQB). DQQB is made up of two unidirectional buses (cables) to which all the computers are connected (fig 2). This standard is also known as IEEE 802.6. The key fea ture of MAN is that it allows ‘broadcasting’ i.e. one person/ node can messages for all the person/ nodes in the network simultaneously. This is possible because of the design of DQQB. Wide

Response Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Response Question - Essay Example a writing style which means that Sima Qian wrote as a group. Sima Qian observed the whole picture of the events in China, and wrote it from the standpoint of the group’s view. On the other hand Herodotus wrote it mostly from his view point, adding up details which he thought were necessary for the readers to read. What did the group think of what happened? What did the group think was important to write down? Why did they think it was important? These are questions that we should answer. The most amazing thing about these authors is that they never once met each other in person. Yet, for people who never met each other, never enjoyed each other’s company and never had a cup of coffee or tea over the dinner table together, their recollections and styles are vastly similar. The similarities become eminent to the readers by the different accounts of the writers that they give, and the brilliant ways in which they speak. Herodotus’ brilliant account of politics was f ascinating to me, as was Qian’s ability to go off on random mythical journeys. Many would say this was separate, but it is also identical as both writers could go off onto one stretch of writing style and stay there. Regardless of the similarities that the two writers share their writing styles are vastly different. However the fact remains that Sima Qian and Herodotus are great writers and perhaps some of the best writers in history. Their writing style shall be forever analyzed and young students and emerging writers will always try and strive for their great style. A major difference that the two authors have is the manner in which each writer presents his personal interpretation. As mentioned above Herodotus tends to go off on political tangents while Sima Qian tends to keep the political thoughts to a barely noticeable minimum. However Qian has no problem in exploring the mystical world of China, something Herodotus virtually leaves untouched. Qian wrote from what is kno wn as the group standpoint. He wanted everyone to receive his entire message, to see his whole picture, so to speak. It is a contrast to be sure from Herodotus, who wrote from his standpoint and more about what he thought, and wasn’t as worried about making sure that the entire group got the picture. However this does not means that readers of the text will not find Herodotus’ work compelling. The first thing I noticed about both authors, as I was reading their work, was how stunningly easy the work was to read. Many history books are dry and full of only factual writing. However in my opinion this time the writing from the history book seemed to come to life. Although I liked Herodotus’ approach slightly better because I am more of a political person than a mystical person, yet Qian’s work was also equally engaging. However I did think that Herodotus’ work was more intellectually stimulating perhaps because it had a more historical and more fact-b ased approach. Many books, especially books about this time period in history, are quite boring although I was glad to see that this one was very interesting. I found Herodotus’ work to be more enlightening than Qian’s, perhaps because I was able to relate to the style of writing that he used and it was slightly better than Qian’s. Sometimes it was hard to know who actually wrote what document as the book did not always specifically mention it, thus making an absolute and fair analysis and comparison challenging, to say the least. I personally could not have done all the research and

Issue Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Issue Paper 2 - Essay Example This will assist children develop a sense of responsibility for their actions as well as decisions. Bringe mentions co regulation as a suitable parenting style for school aged children (196). It is through this parenting style that parents can support their children develop refined social skills, children learn to be cooperative, and children develop better communications skills. Children learn to tackle assignments without supervision from adults and they manage to complete assignments competently and satisfactorily. Parents who utilise supportive care for their school-aged children are in a better position to handle issues related with health and safety concerns (Bringe 197). Utilising a co regulation parenting style provides structure and nurtures school-aged children. Supportive care allows parents to assists their children with peer relations. Parents get to understand the role that friends play in the development of their children (Bringe 199). Middle-aged children are different from preschool children in terms of developmental events and changes. It is during the school age period that children mature and become responsible person (Bringe 193). It is in this stage that children develop social skills, sense of self-concept and other developmental skills. Parents, teachers, and other adults are optimistic of children in this age. Parenting style, interaction style and interaction with people outside the family system does affect a child’s development in the middle school age. Parents need to be familiar with the effective ways that they can use to assist their children develop a sense of responsibility without using assertive force (Bringe 196). Parenting is an important issue facing the society. Issues such as childhood illnesses, mental illnesses, juvenile crime, accidents, drug abuse, school disruption, underachievement, self-esteem issues, and child neglect issues single out parenting as a

Shopping Mall and Theater Concession Sales Essay Example for Free

Shopping Mall and Theater Concession Sales Essay 1. Scale Economies and Diseconomies at McDonalds: How does having a menu that is uniform around the country provide McDonald’s with economies of scale? How is menu planning made more complex by expanding into other countries? McDonalds menu is economy to scale because when they order their product, they can order in bulk to lesion the cost. Also when you have a uniform menu, no matter what state you go to you know what to expect; which in return could increase sales. In places like India, where they do not eat cow, ordering a McDouble is simply not going to happen. The cow is their â€Å"God† and to put a food chain that specializes in serving their â€Å"God† between two buns will be hurtful to their image and customer base in that company. If they wanted to expand into the other countries, they have to make sure they do not offend the customer base in that country. 2. Scale Economies and Diseconomies at the Movies: Movie theater concession sales account for well over half the profits at most theaters. Given this, what are the benefits of the staggered movie times allowed by multiple screens? What is the benefit to a multiscreen theater of locating at a shopping mall? Staggering movie times would mean less wait in the concession, people don’t like to wait and if you have 4 movies showing at the same time with 60 people at each showing, and if 25% of the people want concession foods, that could be 80 people waiting in line for a movie that starts in 10 min. It is less hassle for the movie theaters to stagger times for their concessions rather than all at the same time. A Mulitscreen theater showing helps the mall revenue. The malls always have a food court which while you are waiting or go window shopping could lead into people buying goods from the mall when they only wanted to go to the movies.

Social Psychology Essay Example for Free

Social Psychology Essay The external validity of all of these studies has come under attack in recent years. The research may show that under experimental conditions, subjects fall into the categories of intervener or non-intervene fairly easily, but there is no evidence to suggest that these results can be generalised. Huston, Ruggiero, Conner and Geis (1981) address these issues. They also refer to the murder of Kitty Genovese but criticise previous studies for a lack of external validity. Specifically, they cite four major concerns over the extent to which the findings can be generalised. Firstly, Huston et al comment that ethical guidelines prevent experimenters from reproducing realistic experimental environments. Thus, the research is based on simulated events, usually using a group of students. Secondly, no research has ever investigated the situation whereby the bystander becomes an involved participant in the violent incident. According to Huston et al this avoids the issue of how the bystander can actually change the course of events. Thirdly, there has been a lack of focus on the effects of violent and criminal emergencies (understandably perhaps) and this means that the research does not correlate with real life situations. Huston et al (1981) argue that previous research has explored the role of personality traits in the potential to intervene. Huston et als study attempts to rectify these limitations and provide a more comprehensive account of real life acts of heroism. In doing so they provide a completely different framework through which to analyse bystanders at crime scenes. They measured three different areas which may account for intervention; exposure to crimes and emergencies,[relevant] competencies and skills,inclination to intervene. (1981, p. 15). Therefore, instead of using emotional, almost Freudian cues as were used in previous research, Huston et al choose cognitive cues and appear to view the individual as a rational and practical decision-maker. Huston et al reported that several factors increased the probability that any individual would intervene to help a stranger, Exposure to crime in the past was a significant factor, but more so, was the individuals perceived competence to intervene. Also those who intervened tended to be heavier and taller than the non-interveners. This suggests that a key factor in the decision making process of the individual is whether they perceive themselves as being capable of making a difference. Interestingly, Huston et al found no significant difference in the personality traits of the two groups of those who intervened and those who did not. They do however, suggest that further studies could include groups of subjects that are matched for their exposure to crime. They also comment that their sample and the samples of other similar studies may not be representative because those who do not intervene, for reasons of social desirability to not come forward in order for their experience to be examined and accounted for. This study goes some way in accounting for real life acts of heroism. It presents a naturalistic setting, which the previous studies neglected to provide, and suggests some plausible accounts for bystander intervention and acts of heroism. However, the majority of studies do not seem to account for cases of extreme altruism that take place in real life. Many go some way to explaining why many people do not intervene to help others. Self-interest appears to dominate all explanations. As Batson (1994) comments, the main assumption in most research into bystander intervention is that all human action is ultimately directed toward self-interest. (p. 603), and yet we still persist in volunteering, contributing and rescuing. Altruism is a paradox which defies biological explanation. Laboratory research into bystander intervention goes some way to accounting for acts of heroism but still fails to explain the point in our evolution where we began to perform acts of complete selflessness. References Batson, C.D. (1994). Why act for the public good? Four Answers. In Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, pp. 603-610Â  Brown, R. (1986) Social Psychology: The Second Edition. Free Press. Â  Darley, J.M. and Batson, C.D. (1973). From Jerusalem to Jericho : A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behaviour. In Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, pp. 100-108.

Sustainable Energy For Buildings Construction Essay

Sustainable Energy For Buildings Construction Essay The above marking profile is for guidance only and is not indicative of your final mark. The minimum aggregate mark for a pass on an MSc module is 50, subject to passing each assessed component with a mark above a threshold of 40%. (3) Coursework submitted after the due deadline is deemed late and is subject to a mark of 0% unless an extension to deadline has been approved by your Course Leader. If an extension has been granted, the pink copy of the completed Extension to Deadline form should be stapled to the work when submitted. If no extension has been granted, the tutor assessing the work will insert a grade of 0% and, for information, indicate the true merit of the assignment. (4) If appropriate, mitigating circumstances should be submitted in writing on the appropriate form with documented evidence to the Course Leader for consideration at the MSc/MEng Examination Boards Charikleia Chelmi, student no: 12835450 Date: 14 November 2012 Subject: Energy demand and supply. 1. Introduction For thousands of years, buildings were designed based on the climate of the area and the physical and social environment (Roaf, Fuentes and Thomas, 2007). The provision of comfort for the dwellers is one of the most important functions of a building; as a result, there is a range of building types and the demand of energy depends on the occupants needs and the activities taking place there (Douglas, 2011). This report is produced in order to present the design of a low carbon building inhabited by a couple. The objectives of the project are to design a low carbon house in a central location of Brighton and Hove, considering the climate and the location, using low carbon construction materials and energy efficient technologies. The potentials for low carbon buildings in the city of Brighton and issues of energy demand and supply for this type of buildings will also be mentioned taking into consideration that over 27 % of the UKs CO2 emissions come from the residential sector. The project is based on information provided by books, case studies, tutorials, television programs and websites. Visits to other low carbon houses and informal interviews with the residents also helped to follow the best practice for the project. 1.1. Climate and background information The low carbon house project is located in the southeast side of the Grand Parade campus of the University of Brighton. The project is about a two-storey house. Since the purpose of making an energy efficient house is its appropriate orientation, the windows of the most habitable room should be located at the south side of the house. A south facing roof will also receive the highest amount of solar radiation (Pitts and Lanchashire, 2011). The surrounding buildings, trees and other types of vegetation will minimize the effects of wind. The weather in Brighton is warmer that in other cities of UK with mild winters and warm summers. The range of average monthly temperatures is 12.5  °C, the highest mean temperatures are observed in July and August (20 °C) and the lowest in February (2 °C). There are around 4.8 sunshine hours per day and 1766 sunshine hours per year. The monthly and annual mean precipitation appears to be 67 mm and 801 mm respectively (Climate and temperature, 2012). 2. Building design, construction and performance specifications The construction of a low carbon building requires us to make a choice of natural, locally sourced with low embodied energy materials. The construction of the building will be carried out using local sources with timber to be the main construction material. According to Pitts and Lanchashire (2011), timber frame is a very good method for construction due to the low embodied energy of timber-products. The house will be constructed using ModCell system (McCloud, 2008). The structure will consist of timber framed wall panels infilled with straw bales. The size of panels will be 3m high x 3.2m wide and 480 mm thick. The straw bales will be packed tightly inside the timber wall frames, plastered on both sides using lime render and finally dried (Tickle, 2010). The final product will be straw panels. The straw bales result in highly insulated walls and have low embodied energy. When plastered, they are airtight and fireproof; in addition lime plasters offer high thermal mass (Jones, 2009). The thermal performance profiles are easily defined when knowing the insulation value of a material. This value is commonly known as the U-value. The lower the U-value, the better thermal performance the house displays (Shomera House Extensions, 2012). ModCell indicates that the U-value for a 480mm straw panel lies between 0.13 and 0.19 W/m2K and the U-value for solid timber frame is 0.134 W/m2K. Pitts and Lanchashire (2011) describe the wooden floor as the ideal place to locate thermal mass because solar radiation strikes it. The structure will consist of timber suspended ground floor suitable for underfloor heating and high insulation. A pitched roof consisting of a pair of rafters formed into a truss, covered then by oak shingles will complete the structure. The rafters will be around 225mm deep and the roof will be insulated using wool and a breathable membrane below. Oak singles are natural materials that do not need a waterproof membrane under them; in addition they match well with straw bale walls (Jones, 2009). The U-value for a timber roof is from 0.15 to 0.10 W/m2K. The roof will slope towards the south and solar panels and collectors will be placed on it. There will also be rooflights to take advantage of natural daylight. Windows influence heat loss, ventilation heat loss, solar heat gain and natural light representing an additional component to think about. A view, expressed by ModCell is that U-values for both glazing and frame of windows should not exceed 0.8 W/m2K. The building will have double glazed windows with a high-solar gain low-emissivity glass with argon-gas fill. The estimated U-Value is 0.30 W/m2K (Efficient Windows Collaborative, 2012). Large south-facing windows will be preferably constructed and timber window frames will reduce thermal bridging. A fine-control slot ventilator will also be established. 3. Monthly energy demand profiles MacDonald (2012, p.45) defines energy demand profile as the pattern of energy use in a building, which varies during the day and over the year. Energy is used in several ways in buildings. According to Douglas (2011), the greatest amount of energy used in British residencies is for space and water heating. Space heating covers more than the half of the energy consumption in a British house. Water heating reaches a percentage of 24% while the energy rate used for cooking and lighting is 3%. A significant amount of the energy used in a house is in the form of electricity which powers electrical appliances and is finally converted into heat. Low carbon buildings aim at low carbon emissions. MacDonald (2012) claims that the measures that occupants have to take in order to achieve the best energy performance specifications are the following: To reduce the energy demand That means that occupants should reduce the consumption of energy and carbon emissions. The house will be appropriately orientated in order to get the best thermal and energy achievements that passive solar heating and passive design features can provide. To use energy in an efficient way The building fabric efficiency plays an important role as the houses components are made of materials of high thermal performance. Precise use and management of high efficiency building services result in suitable energy consumption, as well. To supply energy needs establishing renewable energy sources A great amount of the needed electricity will be provided by renewable energy technologies so that fossil fuels can be limited. The couple, who is out of the house most of the day, is estimated to consume around 7.500 kWh per year. The tenants are estimated to consume the highest amount of electricity, for powering appliances or for lighting early in the morning, during the evening and weekend. From November to February the demand for space and water heating is expected to be much higher than in spring and summer. However, energy requirements are expected to be less due to the houses design, the good insulation and airtightness (0.86m3/hr.m2 @ 50 Pa) (ModCell, 2012). 4. Suitable renewable energy sources and their supply profiles The house will be equipped with the following renewable technologies: Solar thermal glazed flat-plate collectors for water heating. The system will be placed on south facing roof mounted on a slope of between 30 and 40 degrees to the horizontal. It will approximately collect from 1000 to 1300 kWh per year meeting about 50% of annual domestic hot water demand. The average monthly output for the collector is estimated to be: 20kWh in December and January, 45kWh in February, 80kWh in March, 105 kWh in April, 125 kWh in May, 150 kWh in June, 160 kWh in July, 115 kWh in August, 95 kWh in September, 60 kWh in October and 30 kWh in November. There is a back-up boiler to support the solar thermal hot water system, during the periods of low solar radiation. Roof mounted photovoltaic array The southerly facing1.85 kWp PV array will be installed at an angle of 35à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° and will generate around 1.700 kWh per year. Specifically, the average monthly electricity production of this system is expected to be: 40 kWh in December, in 50 kWh January, 80 kWh in February, 125 kWh in March, 180 kWh in April, 210 kWh in May and June, 220 kWh in July, 200 kWh in August, 150 kWh in September, 105 kWh in October and 65 kWh in November. During periods of low electricity demand, the overplus electricity generation will be exported to the grid. As a consequence, occupants will use grid electricity at night or on cloudy days (Solar Trade Association, 2012). 14 k W floor mounted air source heat pump. It will supply underfloor heating, with radiators elsewhere. The seasonal COP will be approximately 2.6. The electricity that PV generates can be used to power and support the pump. Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery system. It will provide very good quality of indoor air and reach the greatest space heating efficiency (Welsh Government, 2012). 5. Discussion and conclusion The energy balance is based on the proportion of energy that enters the house and is stored and the proportion of energy that exits the house. Feist (2009) states that: the sum of the losses equals the sum of the gains. Heat losses are the fabric heat losses through walls, doors, windows and roof and the natural ventilation heat losses. Passive solar gains and heat from electrical supplies and activities are the heat gains. His calculation shows that the annual energy balance of a passive house is 130kWh / (m2a). The low carbon building in the Grand Parade will be constructed with the use of local and environmental friendly materials and renewable energy systems. The suitable specifications of the components and the supply profiles of the selected technologies aim at an energy efficient house with low carbon emissions during its lifetime. However, weather conditions can be unpredictable; as a result, energy deficiency can be a problem which can be solved with the use of conventional forms of energy. The U.K. government aims at a 60 per cent reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050. This goal makes the construction of low carbon buildings a necessary strategy that Brighton and Hove City Council must follow. 6. References Andrews, K., 2009. UKs first Straw Bale Holiday Home by Carol Atkinson. Inhabitant, [blog], 25 February. Available at: http://inhabitat.com/yorkshire-straw-bale-cabin-by-carol-atkinson/ [Accessed 28 October 2012]. Climatemp.com, 2012. Climate and temperatures. [Online] Available at: http://www.brighton.climatemps.com [Accessed 27 October 2012]. Douglas, H., 2012. A guide to energy management in building. New York: Spon Press. Efficient Windows Collaborative, 2012. Windows technologies: Low -E coatings. [Online] Available at: http://www.efficientwindows.org/lowe.cfm [Accessed 16 October 2012]. ESRU, 2012. Urban solar water heating. [Online] Available at: http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/01-02/RE_info/active_urban.htm [Accessed 9 November 2012). Feist, W., 2009. Using Energy balances to meet energy efficiency. [Online] Available at: http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/energybalance.html# [Accessed 30 October 2012]. Grand designs live The house that Kevin built; Pt. 1. 2008 [DVD] U.K.: Talkback Thames. Grand designs live The house that Kevin built; Pt. 2. 2008 [DVD] U.K.: Talkback Thames. Grand designs live The house that Kevin built; Pt.3. 2008 [DVD] U.K.: Talkback Thames. Grand designs live The house that Kevin built; Pt.4. 2008 [DVD] U.K.: Talkback Thames. Grand designs live The house that Kevin built; Pt. 5. 2008 [DVD] U.K.: Talkback Thames. Grand designs live The house that Kevin built; Pt. 6. 2008 [DVD] U.K.: Talkback Thames. Jones, B., 2009. Building with Straw Bales. 2nd ed. Devon: Green Books. MacDonald, M., 2012. Practice Guidance: Renewable and Low Carbon Energy in Buildings, Welsh Government, Wales Planning Policy Development Programme. [Online] Available at: http://www.ihsti.com.ezproxy.brighton.ac.uk/tempimg/2DCC707-CIS888614800301505.pdf [Accessed 25 October 2012]. Modcell, 2012. Helping you build a more suitable future. [Online] Available at: http://www.modcell.com [Accessed at 14 October 2012]. Pitts, C. G. and Lancashire, R., 2011. Low-energy timber frame buildings. 2nd ed. Buckinghamshire: TRADA Technology Ltd. Roaf, S., Fuentes, M. and Thomas, S., 2007. Ecohouse: a design guide. 3rd ed. Oxford: Architectural Press. Shomera House Extensions, 2012. Thermal performance in buildings. [Online] Available at: http://www.shomera.ie/thermal-performance-in-buildings [Accessed at 27 October 2012]. Solar Trade Association, 2012. Solar electricity (photovoltaic). [Online] Available at: http://www.solar-trade.org.uk/solarHeating/photovoltaics.cfm [Accessed at 31 October 2012]. Tickle, L., 2010. Is straw the building material of the future? The Guardian Online, [Online] 13 July. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2010/jul/13/straw-houses-balehaus-bre [Accessed 25 October 2012]. Welsh Government, 2012. Welch Future Home, case, Cardiff: Welsh Government. [Online] Available at: http://www.ihsti.com.ezproxy.brighton.ac.uk/tempimg/3A6AAA5-CIS888614800301508.pdf [Accessed October 2012]. Welsh Government, 2012. Greenwatt way, case, Cardiff: Welsh Government. [Online] Available at: http://www.ihsti.com.ezproxy.brighton.ac.uk/tempimg/3A6AAA5-CIS888614800301509.pdf [Accessed 15 October 2012]. Welsh Government, 2012. Mendip place, case, Cardiff: Welsh Government. [Online] Available at: http://www.ihsti.com.ezproxy.brighton.ac.uk/tempimg/3A6AAA5-CIS888614800301513.pdf [Accessed 15 October 2012]. The eco experts, 2012. Solar PV panels. [Online] Available at: http://www.theecoexperts.co.uk/solar-pv [Accessed at 29 October 2012].

The Body as Teacher: From Source of Knowledge to Object of Knowledge :: Philosophy

The Body as Teacher: From Source of Knowledge to Object of Knowledge ABSTRACT: I look at two ways of seeing the body during the Renaissance: the first, illustrated in the Essais of Montaigne, focuses on the body as a source of knowledge about the self; the second, illustrated in the developing science of anatomy, focuses on the body as an object of knowledge that is increasingly available only to specialists. In looking at the science of anatomy as it developed in the Renaissance, I show that the transformation of the body from a source of knowledge of both body and soul to an object of a mechanical science did not happen easily and reflects contradictory approaches to the self that continue to this day. In his book The Mirage of Health, Renà © Dubos refers to the never-ending oscillation between two different points of view in medicine: those who believe that health results from living in harmony with nature (and thus take it upon themselves to know themselves and live in harmony with their environment) and those who believe that health is the responsibility of a medical expert who brings specialized knowledge and the surgeon's knife to conquer disease). He points out that in ancient Greece, doctors worked under the patronage of Asklepios, the god of medicine while healers served Asklepios's daughter Hygeia, goddess of health: For the worshippers of Hygeia, health is the natural order of things, a positive attribute to which men are entitled if they govern their lives wisely. According to them, the most important function of medicine is to discover and teach the natural laws which will ensure a man a healthy mind in a healthy body. More skeptical, or wiser in the ways of the world, the followers of Asklepios believe that the chief role of the physician is to treat disease, to restore health by correcting any imperfections caused by accidents of birth or life. (1) The modern debate between the followers of Hygeia and the followers of Asklepios is more than a debate about the relative merits of medical science; it reflects a more fundamental debate about the nature of the self and about the ways in which one can have knowledge of the self. It is a debate about the nature of the body and how we learn about it or from it. It is about the body as teacher. This paper focusses on one

Immigration in New York Essay -- Immigrants U.S. Economy Economics Ess

Immigration in New York I was born 23 years ago in the Dominican Republic, an island located in the Greater Antilles. There is a saying from my country that goes "Mi tiera mi corazon" meaning my country my love, which explain exactly how I felt about the Dominican Republic. To me the Island of Santo Domingo is the greatest in the World; there are beautiful people, gorgeous weather and all the mangoes I could have eaten. Then one day my parents gave me the bad news, they were moving to this place called New York, they told my brother and me that they would send for us later. That was 12 years ago and now here I am living in New York, the greatest city in the world, next to my Santo Domingo. When I was younger New York seemed as big as the world, I often heard my parents talked about how New York had so many jobs, and was the richest place in the world. I could not wait to see how this place was. No one told me that New York had a crime rate higher than the Empire state building, no one told me that certain New Yorkers would hate me because of my color, no one told me how New York eats one of it's children, for every orphan it took in. As a first generation immigrant this topic is dear to my heart, because I know it first hand. This paper will deal with the history of immigration in New York, specifically the later part of the twentieth century. I will look at the history of this great city and how it impacted us, and how Immigrants have contributed to its mystique, color and vibrancy. I will also discuss specific neighborhoods, the people who live there, and their impact on the economy. I will also discuss the recent anti-immigration trend like Proposition 187. The middle colonies had a well-earned reputation for cu... ... George. Friends or Strangers: The Impact of Immigrants on the U.S economy (1990) 2. Daniels, Roger. Coming To America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life (1990) 3. Fuchs, Lawrence. The American Kaleidoscope: Race, ethnicity, and the Civic Culture 4. Chan, Scheng. Asian Americans: An Interpretive History 5. Bodnar, John. The transplanted: a History of Immigrants in Urban American (1985) 6. Reimers, David. Still the Golden Door: the Third World Comes To America. (1992) 7. Brendel, Christine. Modern Immigration. Amawalk, New York: Golden Owl Publishing Co., 1998. 8. Berrol, Selmacantor. The Empire City: New York and Its People. West Port, Conn: Praeger, 1997. 9. Pencak, William, Selma Berrol, and Randall M. Miller, Eds. Immigration to New York. Philadelphia: Balch Institute Press, 1991.

The Scottsboro Trials, Brown v. Mississippi, and trial of Tom Robinson

The Scottsboro Trials, Brown v. Mississippi, and trial of Tom Robinson in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird The purpose of this essay is to compare three very similar cases, the Scottsboro Trials, Brown v. Mississippi, and the fictional trial of Tom Robinson in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird; and to prove why the defendant of the third trial never had a chance. Each took place in the rural South in the 1920’s and 30’s and involved the unfair conviction of young black males by all-white juries pressured by the threat of mob violence. Each lacked the evidence sufficient for conviction, most especially for the death penalty. Last, heroes emerged from each trial and made small but solid steps towards equal justice for all. â€Å"ROOSEVELT IS ASKED TO INTERVENE TO PROTECT SCOTTSBORO NEGROES: Warning of 'Massacre' of Seven Prisoners and Their Lawyers at Decatur (Ala.) Court Today, Defense Counsel Wire President a Plea to Obtain State Troops† (Linder), reads a headline from the New York Times on November 20, 1933. The nine Scottsboro boys accused of rape and their attorneys were scared to death, but the government did not seem to acknowledge their danger. The article also mentions Patterson’s previous trial where â€Å"Circuit Judge Horton, presiding, took judicial notice of incipient mob action to lynch defendants and attorneys by ordering soldiers in open court to shoot if necessary to preserve the peace† (Linder). On March 25, 1931, Victoria Price, a known prostitute, and Ruby Bates accused nine Negroes of raping them on a train in Northern Alabama. The trial took place in Scottsboro, amid much anti-black sentiment. An all white jury sentenced eight of the nine to death, despite the fact that one was blind and one could... ... about an ordinary hero, someone who merely did his job, and stood up to adversity, despite the cost to his career, himself and his family. These should not have been exceptional tasks, but the society that surrounded them caused them to stand out. Guilty or innocent, the Negro man did not stand a chance in the Depression Era rural South. Works Cited Cortner, Richard C. A â€Å"Scottsboro† Case in Mississippi. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1986. Lee, Harper. To Kill A Mockingbird. New York: Time Warner, 1982. Linder, Douglas O. The Later Scottsboro Trials (1933-1937). 9 March 2002 To Kill a Mockingbird: Then and Now. 31 July 1997. Think Quest. 10 March 2002 The Scottsboro Trials, Brown v. Mississippi, and trial of Tom Robinson The Scottsboro Trials, Brown v. Mississippi, and trial of Tom Robinson in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird The purpose of this essay is to compare three very similar cases, the Scottsboro Trials, Brown v. Mississippi, and the fictional trial of Tom Robinson in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird; and to prove why the defendant of the third trial never had a chance. Each took place in the rural South in the 1920’s and 30’s and involved the unfair conviction of young black males by all-white juries pressured by the threat of mob violence. Each lacked the evidence sufficient for conviction, most especially for the death penalty. Last, heroes emerged from each trial and made small but solid steps towards equal justice for all. â€Å"ROOSEVELT IS ASKED TO INTERVENE TO PROTECT SCOTTSBORO NEGROES: Warning of 'Massacre' of Seven Prisoners and Their Lawyers at Decatur (Ala.) Court Today, Defense Counsel Wire President a Plea to Obtain State Troops† (Linder), reads a headline from the New York Times on November 20, 1933. The nine Scottsboro boys accused of rape and their attorneys were scared to death, but the government did not seem to acknowledge their danger. The article also mentions Patterson’s previous trial where â€Å"Circuit Judge Horton, presiding, took judicial notice of incipient mob action to lynch defendants and attorneys by ordering soldiers in open court to shoot if necessary to preserve the peace† (Linder). On March 25, 1931, Victoria Price, a known prostitute, and Ruby Bates accused nine Negroes of raping them on a train in Northern Alabama. The trial took place in Scottsboro, amid much anti-black sentiment. An all white jury sentenced eight of the nine to death, despite the fact that one was blind and one could... ... about an ordinary hero, someone who merely did his job, and stood up to adversity, despite the cost to his career, himself and his family. These should not have been exceptional tasks, but the society that surrounded them caused them to stand out. Guilty or innocent, the Negro man did not stand a chance in the Depression Era rural South. Works Cited Cortner, Richard C. A â€Å"Scottsboro† Case in Mississippi. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1986. Lee, Harper. To Kill A Mockingbird. New York: Time Warner, 1982. Linder, Douglas O. The Later Scottsboro Trials (1933-1937). 9 March 2002 To Kill a Mockingbird: Then and Now. 31 July 1997. Think Quest. 10 March 2002

Marketing Mix Apple Essay

In the economy, the marketing has an important position which decides almost the success of the company or the brand. Most of well-known brands in the world also have a good marketing plan; Apple is the best example for having excellent marketing strategies. In this essay, the marketing mix strategy of Apple will be discussed to understand how Apple makes their high value in more details. The first thing to take account into marketing mix strategy is the product. As already known, Apple is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and sell consumer electronics, computer sofware, and personal computers. Apple provides the customer a wide range of product that covers many field of technology. For instance, the most special invention of Apple is Apple Macintosh, they have many kinds of Mac with many different size and options of configuration. Moreover, IPod was known as the first mp3 player of the world. It is not only the mp3 player but also the symbol of music fashion. Until now, IPod still affects gradually to market of mp3 players. In addition, in the last five years, Apple has created new-brand market for smartphone with their special product – IPHONE. From IPhone 2G, 3G, 3Gs, 4G, 4Gs to 5G, IPhone always make a big wave to the technology world. That proves products of Apple always have strong range to the technological market. What is more, another invention of Apple that also makes a new move of technology is IPAD. It leads for a new century of tablet. Now IPad may be known as the best tablet in many customers’ s mind. Beside that, Apple gives their customer many other products such as iTunes, accessories, and service. Second, price also is important part of marketing mix strategy. The price of all products of Apple is now low compared to their competitor’s product’s price but there is a reason for this issue. Apple is the premium brand that does not compete on price. They may dominate the market even though their price may be quite high in some countries. Generally, Apple is proud that their products is union between technology and liberal arts so they not just sell products, they sell art. IPhone, Ipad, and IPod also are symbol of fashion. In conclusion, the price of Apple’s product is made for their customer’s value. The next is place. Apple’s headquater is located at Infinite Loop, Curpetino, California. They have over 200 retails around the world. Major cities have at least three big stores, more important, the customer not only purchase products but only can test them, receive supported imformation, and they may not buy products if they do not want. This is the key of success of Apple to satisfy their customer. Finally, promotion create difference of Apple’s marketing mix strategy. Apple just use launching new product to promote their products with their great ability of presentation of Apple CEO – Steve Jobs. Moreover, Apple does not join CES exhibition or any advertising. In addition, Apple made a big unchangeable symbol in customer, therefore, the customer always compare their product to their competitors’s prodcuts. It is indirect to promote for Apple. Beside that, the online Apple store offers free ship for the orders over $50, iTunes gift card, and special discount for refunished products. In conclusion, marketing mix strategy creates the brand of Apple. There is a wide range of product such as Iphone, Ipad, Ipod, and Mac with suiable price for their prenium brand. They have big network of great retail and unique promotion. Reference: www.wikipedia.com www.marketingteacher.com

Art assignment Essay

1. List and describe three of the technological breakthroughs or discoveries that changed art during the Modern Era, 1800-1945. Indicate specific ways in which these changed the form and/or content, themes, purposes/functions of art, and the lives of artists. Photography Light bulbs Use of metal in construction There have been many inventions since the 19th century that has been incorporated in the artistic realm. Photography has created a new genre of art available to people. This invention allows people to see an image as it was meant to be which may have been something that could only be seen in the moment, like a fox and kits playing in the forest. Lights have affected almost every part of the average person’s everyday life and similarly, lighting has made artwork change and created new options of expression. In ways of architecture, lives and structure have been improved by the production and use of metals in structure and the evolution of architecture that was started in the Crystal Palace. The first true photograph was captured in 1826 with a camera and plate exposed to the sun for eight hours. The creation from this highly impractical form of photography was called a Heliograph. Joseph Nicephore Niepce’s correspondent was able to create a more reasonable medium for the film upon Neipce’s death. The silver iodine coated copper plate, named a daguerreotype after the inventor, gave hope for the creation of photography by allowing a picture to be captured in 10-20 minutes. Before this time only the rich could afford to have portraits done and could only be done by paint (Getlein 197-98). Camera and film was created in more of a form known to us in the middle 1880’s. Film was an important creation, as it allowed an image to be replicated, unlike the daguerreotypes, which were positives and allowed no way of copying. Photography was able to become a hobby and to advance after the creation of the Kodak Camera in 1888 (198-99). Because of this creation the artistic world changed to be able to include photojournalism, movies and artistic photography. Film and cameras have completely changed the way images are captured and who can afford it. During modern times, we can now afford to take pictures of whatever we would like so the content for photographs is now only limited to our own morals and what is available on the physical  plane. This invention allowed many people to share images of the world that many people would not be able to see otherwise and enabled any person who is willing to try, a chance to become an artist. The availability of electricity and the invention of the first functioning light bulb in 1820 by Warren De La Rue (The History of the Light Bulb 1) changed the way art is seen and creates. Light can be the focus of the artwork or change the way the art is seen. The best example of light in artwork is photography. The addition of a light bulb to create a flash while taking pictures has allowed different environments for photography by allowing pictures to have a good light source in the front to counteract any negative lighting, like from the back or too little lighting to allow the film to develop properly. This allowed artists more freedom to take picture wherever they are inspired and in normally inadequate lighting. This also prevented the light from behind the subject from being too strong to create the subject as a shadow, thus allowing breathtaking photographs that would have not been able to be captured otherwise. In other ways, lights have been the focal point of art in modern The first example of metal being used as a construction material for true structures was in England around 1851. Joseph Paxton used his plans for greenhouses and magnified them into a building that spanned over 13 acres, showing the world the first glimpse of modern architecture. Because of the use of pre fabrication, also a new concept, this building was able to be constructed in 16 weeks. (Getlein 295) The uses of metal in construction also lead to a new concept design for buildings: skeleton and skin. Skeleton and skin constructed involved a frame with covering over it. In the Crystal Palace, the skin was glass and in modern housing you have drywall, wood, and metal or plastic siding. The idea for modern buildings is just about the same, using metal as the sturdy skeleton with glass as the main covering but using the more modern element of concrete as a secondary structural base and covering. Through the creation of the Crystal palace, the ideas of architecture were changed forever. The metal structure allowed architects in modern times to create towering skyscrapers that would not have been possible using previous materials and allowed the shape of buildings to change as metal is more flexible has a strong tensile strength (Piggott 78). This allowed the creation of amazing bridges that are supported minimally by vertical bases and buildings that can take almost any shape. The Sydney  Opera house is an amazing structure that is meant to resemble sails, and is constructed of metal rods, to support the specialized concrete called ferroconcrete (Getlein 300). This multipurpose building would have never been thought of as a possibility without the use of a metal skeleton and continues to allow architects more creativity to build structures with intricacy and still have the structural security needed. Works Cited Getlein, Mark. Living With Art 9th Edition. McGraw-Hill, 2010: 197-99, 300. Print Piggott, Jan. Palace of the People: The Crystal Palace at Sydenham, 1854-1936. K. Hurst &Co. 78-79. Print Unknown. The History of the Light Bulb. Arizona State University. http://invsee.asu.edu/modules/lightbulb/meathist.htm. Website

Patrol Officers

Patrol Officers are not assigned a case to try and solve. In most major cities police departments have enough personal to cover every aspect of a crime, however, the role of the patrol officer during investigations has increased. On page 23, in the book, under the patrol officer as an investigator, it mentions that the role of the patrol officer has been limited, however, as time continues that same role seem to increase. The role of the patrol officer has taken over some of the same responsibilities as the investigators have.Such as providing immediate assistance to victims, locates witness, and interviews both victims and witnesses. Also, the patrol officer has the authority to initiate and complete investigations of certain classifications of crime. With all of the changes to the role of the patrol officer, there have been numerous benefits that have been noticed, such as, the cases are handled expeditiously, relations within the department have improved, morale problems have decr eased, and an increase in the investigator productivity because they have more time to focus on high profile cases.The benefit that really stands out to me is the fact that the investigator can really focus on his case loads, because he is not overwhelmed, which results in a benefit to the community as well as the entire department. The last thing a police department wants to do is give enough time for the same crime to happen again, causing the community to really question if the police can protect them. With crimes being solved a quick basis, it sends a message, if you want to do the crime, you will get caught and put in jail. The job of a patrol officer is to patrol an assigned area to protect the members of that area from any crimes that may occur.I was reading through the book and searching online, it seems to me that the patrol officer do most of the leg work in solving the crime. Let me explain, what I mean is that the patrol officers are the muscle, and the detectives are th e brains of the operation, which in many ways it make sense. I am not trying to say that patrol officers would not be able to solve the crime, but the standard patrol officer does not have the time to run down potential suspects or witnesses, they are to busy patrolling there assigned area and protecting those citizens from future crimes.In fact, I went online to the following website, http://law. jrank. org/pages/1655/Police-Criminal-Investigations-structure-criminal-investigations. html, and on the end of the second paragraph, they had mentioned that the patrol officer will go and make the arrest, but they are not the one solving the crime. How can they? They come to work every day and patrol a assigned area, if there is a murder that happens or crime of any sort, there job is to fill out a report and turn it over to someone that qualified or trained to handle those type of crimes.As I was reading the article online, it was very informative in the role of the patrol officer. The p atrol officer really doesn’t come into play until the second stage of an investigation. The second stage consists of gathering evidence, arresting the culprit and gathering witness for the crime. In many smaller communities the role of the patrol officer is much greater mainly because they may not have a detective on the payroll, or a whole team of detectives that can come and solve the crime, so, the patrol officer is responsible for gathering enough information to try and solve the crime.The role of the patrol officer stops at gathering evidence, and speaking to witnesses. It is not the responsibility of the patrol officer to work with the prosecution; normally any detectives that have been assigned to the case will work with the prosecution to solve the crime. The goal of a patrol officer is to come to the scene, ask if anyone saw anything, speak to all the potential witnesses and go through the crime scene for any evidence that they may come across, and then they don†™t get involved again until there needs to be a arrest made.Overall, I think that patrol officers being given more responsibility is a benefit not just to the people of the community but to the department. It sends a message to the people that they live in a safe place. Which for many people that little bit of reassurance is all they need to be happy. Nobody wants to live in a bad place, or a place they feel is dangerous. Also, with expanding the role of the patrol officer, this is very beneficial with today’s economy. I never think you can put a price on protecting the people, but, the sad reality is that in today’s economic times, we have to.To hire a new recruit comes a price, it is just easier for the community of the patrol officers to be expected to do more. In most cases these officers want to do more to solve the crimes to put that faith back into the community that crimes will be resolved right away. Right when a crime happens, most people instantly become f earful that it will happen again, so, they become on edge, and question that the police will be able to catch the people that hurt them or robbed them. With crimes being solved right away, that puts the fear at ease and lets them know they are safe and it will not continue to happen.I was reading ahead a tad bit and came across theft that happens in banks,, and how those people are caught the same day. For me, that instantly puts my mind at ease. Years ago, one of the buildings I was working in, there was a theft that happened in the bank downstairs, and every got really nervous that the criminal may still be in the building. They caught him within hours and he was in the building. The thing I always try to remember, is that crime is going to happen, no matter were or when, but, it is how quickly we can solve it and restore that faith in the police within the community.

How Are the Articles of Confederation Provided an Effective Form of Government

Question Analyze the degree to which the Articles of Confederation provided an effective form of government with respect to any two of the following Foreign relations, economic conditions, western lands Warrant The Articles of Confederation were designed to offer Americans the protection of a government without the tyranny associated with George III. During the time period in which they were in use, their effectiveness was tested through events dealing with foreign relations, economic conditions and the settlement of western lands.Resolution Although the Articles experienced some success in dealing with western lands, the general effectiveness of the articles was poor and created potential problems for the young nation. Claim Under the Articles a system was established for the successful settlement of western lands. Data The Land Ordinance of 1787 divided the Northwest Territory into six square mile townships and set aside one section of each township for public education. The Northw est Ordinance established the method by which the Northwest Territory was to be divided into states.Under this ordinance, there was to be no slavery in these territories and the population would determine a new state’s time of entering the union. These land ordinances were extremely effective and Grounds were utilized even after the Articles had been destroyed. Claim But not all of the events under the Articles were this successful. Grounds Internal economic conditions as well as foreign affairs developed in such a way that American livelihood was affected. ata After the Revolutionary War Britain maintained a stronghold in North America by maintaining their trading posts in the Northwest Territory. This action was in direct opposition to the terms agreed upon in the Treaty of Paris and dampened British-American relations. Since Britain was a major world power and America was only a fledgling nation, this posed a serious threat to the U. S. The British not only maintained thes e trading posts but encouraged Indian raids on American settlers and freely navigated the Great Lakes.Grounds This continuing British presence in the U. S. was a threat to American independence. Since Congress could not raise an army, it was difficult for the US to fight back. Data Within the states, inflation and individual debt because of hard money policies created unrest with the populace. Many farmers, like Daniel Shay, had sunk into debt because of unstable currencies of the states and resisted paying taxes to the states. Shay’s rebellion was a warning to the founding fathers of the ineptitude of the Articles of Confederation.There was no national army and an army of farmers from the surrounding area had to be raised to put down the revolt. Grounds This was the final event which brought the need for a new form of government to the attention of the American people. Analysis Thus, although the Articles brought about some success as America’s first form of governmen t, their ultimate achievements were minimal and proved that they could not offer the stability and protection demanded of a valid government.

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A beneficial method to use during negotiations is called collaborative principled negotiations.   The idea is for both parties to enter into the collaborative process with the focus on the interest, not positions. Previously, the parties would enter into negotiations with certain positions in mind and the positioned negotiations proved to be long and unsuccessful. This paper will discuss how trust is used in during principled negotiations and how BATNA makes the negotiations more successful than the previous positioned negotiations. The ideal way to begin negotiations is to create a collaborative team environment and separate the parties from the problem. The way to achieve this is to encourage the people focus on the interest at hand and not their specific positions. Together the parties can brainstorm and create a variety of solutions before making a final decision. The final agreement can be based on objective external standards and both parties can work together, through trust to find the Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA). â€Å"Integrating trust-building approaches into the collaborative team environment will help position teams and their respective companies for strategic competition in the marketplace† (Herzog, 2001,  ¶ 1). Any relationship involves giving a little and taking a little – cooperation, trust, and meeting expectations. Business relationships are no different; they too require trust, cooperation, and having expectations being met by both parties. Macoby says, â€Å"Profitable partnering relationships between companies are cemented by building trust, not by contracts. A relentless assault of trust and respect is a major factor in making alliances work †¦ trust [is] the single most important ingredient in making ventures work. You have to be allied with someone whom you can work through problems. (1997) Life and any business relationship is easier if both parties know that they can trust the partners or other parties to uphold an agreement. Additionally, knowing that the other parties is not just in the relationship for ulterior motives helps keep ethics and honesty at the forefront of the collaborative partnership. On successful and unsuccessful projects, collaborators begin the projects with perceptions regarding their own and their fellow collaborators' motives and expectations. Collaborative teams on successful projects participate in the shared conditions and processes identified in the research. The result is open and honest communication, collaborating team members getting along, and a trusting environment. The consequence of this is that high levels of trust are built between the collaborators, the project is successful, and consideration is given to continuing the relationship. (Herzog, 2001,  ¶ 15) On unsuccessful projects, the processes and conditions for success are present. However, without collaborative sharing of these conditions and processes, understanding of others and open and honest communication does not result, conflict and misunderstanding is normal, and levels of trust are low. Consequently, the projects will likely be unsuccessful, the collaborators will not establish trusting relationships, and new collaborative projects will not result. (Herzog, 2001,  ¶ 16) Hartman and Romahn (1999) extensively researched various types of trust described by others. They found that trust falls into the three main categories of emotional trust, competency trust, and ethical trust. If people are aware of how trust affects them, they are better able to build that trust in a relationship. For example, when working on a business relationship and one of the parties knows that the other party does not feel there is a great deal of competency than the first party can work harder to prove competence and help sustain the relationship and build greater trust. Hartman and Romahn developed a model that shows how combinations of these three types of trust influence collaborative levels of trust. This study suggests that â€Å"collaborative sharing† may be instruments through which emotional, competency, and ethical trust are built on collaborative project teams (1999). The whole idea is to give a little and work together. Collaborative project teams are designed because the parties involved can become more and provide more when working together and helping one another through areas of strength and weakness. By working together the final product or service is superior to just party doing it alone. Principled negotiations are all about working together. Using principled negotiations helps the team collaborative effort because the effort is put forth to achieve success in the end rather than immediate gratification for one party or another. Trust is essential and strong foundations are built on trust and once both parties involved in the negotiations knows that the trust is present and unwavering, the ability to contribute more becomes more apparent and negotiations become a very successful result and future negotiations are less of a problem. References Hartman, E, & Romahn, E. (1999). Trust: A new tool for project managers. Project Management Institute 1999 Seminars & Symposium, Philadelphia, PA: Papers presented October 10 to October 16, 1999 [CD-ROM]. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute. Herzog, V.L. (2001). Trust building on corporate collaborative project teams. Project Management Journal. Sylva: Mar 2001.Vol.32, Iss. 1; pg. 28, 10 pgs Macoby, M. (1997). Building trust is an art. Research Technology Management, 56-57.

Discussion question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Discussion question - Coursework Example The company strategy of EADS has the best shot at success for the sake of the company business as well as for the mass of people who travel by planes. The EADS strategy merely involves the creation of bigger planes so as to carry many enough passengers and for longer distances. Its latest creation can transport up to 418 passengers. This in my opinion is a functioning strategy as planes can always be made bigger and bigger with increased demand. In contrast, the Boeing Company’s strategy involves creating plane models that are relatively smaller, but faster and cheaper. The strategy would be excellent and economical for several passengers; however in terms of plain business, this plan could indeed be the company’s downfall. It is not as easy to create bigger and bigger planes as it would be to create smaller, faster, and cheaper ones. The strategy of the Boeing Company is one that can be easily taken up by several competitors and perhaps with a slight edge. This could ultimately lead to the business’ downfall in the long

Discussion Board - Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Board - Ethics - Essay Example Using a quotation partially is a very widely spread and officially allowed technique in scientific writing, however, I am aware of the fact that like this, its author’s position might be distorted (either voluntarily or non-voluntarily, as people often tend to â€Å"interpret† opinions of others and see what they want to see). In other words, a part of quotation that is taken out of the context, can serve to support virtually any statement or idea. That is why I choose, while writing my papers, to keep in mind the norms and guidelines of scientific ethics, which presupposes that I should only use quotations when I am 100% sure that it truly reflects the idea of its author. Dilemma 2. One more issue of ethical character that I want to talk about is something that I never participated in personally but seen it in a family of my close friend – and considered it quite a complicated dilemma. The problem is the one of putting elderly people into nursing homes. To my strong belief, elderly people most of all need care and love, their family that can provide them with the feeling of security, safety, stability, and being needed. On the other hand, many aged people who are practically helpless sometimes refuse to move in with their children or grandchildren. As a result, many families with elderly relatives often find themselves in a sort of â€Å"vicious circle†: they know that their old ones need help, but cannot give this help because, say, their parents or grandparents do not want to move in with them, and the kids cannot devote enough of their time to the aged people. In this situation, many families prefer to turn to nursery homes that very often provide even better conditions than many people have at home. Elderly people are given full medical care there, they are free from any household duties and have plenty of opportunities to spend their time with people of their own

Using Mobile Technology and Mobile devices in the workplace Essay

Using Mobile Technology and Mobile devices in the workplace - Essay Example In fact, a research carried out by the Foresights Networks and Telecommunications, Q1 2011, indicate that 64 percent of all firms in North America and Europe identify the provision of adequate mobility support for their staff as a top priority (Wright, Mooney, & Parham, 2011). Memorandum To: Leslie Anderson President, SC Technology Company From: Lehua Lashua IT Administrator Subject: Mobile Devices in the Workplace Date: November 14, 2012 Executive summary The benefits that come along with mobile devices and mobile technology usage at work places are many and influence the employee’s accessibility, quality, and ability to make meaningful decisions based on the given information timelines. People use mobile devices in addition to other office tools to mediate the tasks and activities required to fulfill certain responsibilities at work (Brennen, 2011). Thus, it is essential for organizations to apply the use of mobile technology and mobile devices with respect to the need to achieve goals set and objectives allocated by an organization. Today’s world is so technologically vibrant such that in order to attain the set targets and meet every customer’s demand, organizations should find it imperative to adopt and integrate the application of mobile devices and mobile technology.... This report will seek to propose why organizations such as SC Technology Company need to acquire, integrate, and coordinate the use of mobile technology and mobile devices at workplace. Introduction As mobile technology continues to advance and mobile devices become much cheaper and evolve with regard to their portability, interfaces, bandwidth, features, and context awareness, people are constantly making these devices part of their social and professional worlds. The introduction of the so-called â€Å"Smartphone† has irreversibly revolutionized the way people conduct business. Whilst laptops and desktops continued to dominate the last decade and half, the advent of mobile computing technology has become much more novel, changed the presentation even though not necessarily the way people currently do business (Wright, Mooney, & Parham, 2011). Exponentially, the business world has injected new and sophisticated technological devices and other products that are transforming th ey way companies view profit margins, competition, and time. The application and use of mobile devices have erased working boundaries and replaced them with substantially portable, integrated, and accessible gadgets. These devices are suitable for doing away with the distance involved in cases where employees used to take time and resources before realizing the intended objectives (Katz, 2011). Purpose The main of this essay is to prepare a report based on an ongoing research regarding the application and use of mobile devices and mobile technology in workplaces (SC Technology Company). It will also report on how mobile technology and mobile devices can help increase an organization’s productivity and

Industrialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Industrialization - Essay Example This paper seeks to highlight industrialization in its entirety paying a closer look at the early and late industrialization. Further, the paper tries to compare the level of industrialization of countries such as the US, Germany, China, Japan, Soviet Union and the UK with special emphasis on the factors that could have brought these countries that far. The present industrial status is also looked at in terms of commerce, education and the general social welfare in these countries. Industrialization may be construed to refer to the process of both social and economic change that sees a society move from a pre-industrial to a fully industrial society. Actually, sometimes modernization is considered as a result of industrialization except that apart from industrialization modernization may be as a result of a synergy between economic development and social change. When these two, economic development and social change, are closely related to innovation, then the result is great modernization often identifiable through industrialization. ... This modernization was represented by not only by high levels of economic authority but also by factors such as functional specialization and general structural differentiation. These factors, especially the autonomy of the economic system from the government contributed greatly to this high level of modernization or industrialization for that matter. Besides the factors highlighted above, there also others that equally led to the prosperity realizes in most countries in the above named region. These factors include: An open trading system enjoying minimal or no import duty greatly stimulated industrialization because of the emerging cost efficiency. Presence of free and flexible labour helped enhance industrialization. It is common knowledge that industrialization, besides energy and raw materials, depend entirely on not only cheap but also skilled and flexible labour. Presence of alternative markets enhanced the general economic performance as a result of highly enabled business opportunities presented by these markets Quick conventional learning capabilities and the affirmative work ethics in the populations equally played a role in encouraging and enhancing industrialization Skills in fast exploitation of the new technologies and scientific findings catapulted industrialization to further and higher grounds Why Industrialization Occurred As mentioned earlier, industrialization is the result of social change and economical development lying proximally to innovations and emerging technologies. Autonomy of social and economic systems from the governments undoubtedly led to industrialization. The process of industrialization occurred almost in every part of the world for particular reasons. For instance, the

Four function of management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Four function of management - Essay Example These are as following; 1. Planning: It is the ongoing process of developing the business' mission and objectives and determining how they will be accomplished. Planning is the initiating function of management and also embodies the other functions. It is the function of management, with which, management ensures directing employee efforts towards group and attainment of organizational goals. For the long-term success of an organization, it is necessary to set immediate and long- term goals, and to choose strategies of their achievement. This function is directly related to the arising of many questions; like, where are we now What do we want to accomplish How are we going to do it Who will do it When will we do it Why will we do it Etc. For example, Bill Gates - the founder of Microsoft Corporation - does the necessary planning by establishing missions and challenges for Microsoft management to accomplish, such as planning for the introduction of Windows Vista and its date for international launching. 2. 2. Organizing: This function is related with allocating and configuring resources to accomplish and establish the preferred goals and objectives during the planning processes. In this function, steps are taken out in order to translate the planned steps into reality while assigning the necessary tasks, setting up deadlines, allocating resources, and deciding what structures are yet to be created and to whom additional responsibilities should be delegated, etc; In the Microsoft, Bill Gates effectively organizes the use of company's resources while making sure that the company successfully achieves its objectives and long-term goals. For example, Bill Gates visits various countries across the world and hires top class I.T professionals so as to make sure that the final product is a world class one while making sure that the concurrent ongoing projects at Microsoft smoothly get inch to inch closer towards their successful completion. Bill Gates achieves this all by configuring Microsoft policies over the time and by allocating the financial resources for every single step forward. 3. Leading: It is the function which is directly related to the management tasks of establishing direction and influencing people to follow that direction (Carter McNamara, 2002). This function, perhaps, can be broken down into further three sub-categories of motivating, coordinating and directing. Directing is the way with which managers guide their subordinates while showing them the way with which some task is to be accomplished. Motivating is the set of managerial activities with the aim of causing proper employee performance while involving the finding out of employee needs and creating reward systems for quality and timely work. Coordinating is related with who informs whom about what. It also integrates details and/of events, and ensures coherent action. At Microsoft, Bill Gates leads the way out to success by setting his own example. His superior methodologies for motivating, coordinating and directing make sure that the company has the right leadership to carry it forward in the future with success. Rewarding the Windows XP team for coming up with such high quality software in due amount of time was an